Thursday, November 28, 2019

The future success of students

The future success of students How would be perfect to change our education system and add one special thing into its structure: an education would be much useful if empathy were a necessary part of the whole system. In order to make prosocial behavior better or decrease a social aggression – the main tool is empathy. Some social theorists and experts see our world as a place where we cultivate enough empathy to see our Planet and its residents as one social important unit. There is also a suggestion that empathy might be very idealistic, especially in comparison to a model of modern schooling, where such things like character education and social emotional learning are not popular at all. Moreover, the followers of empathy in education believe that it is a good way to create for children a successful way into the future. That is also important for all parents to understand, how crucial the value for success can be for their kids. It is also worth mentioning that higher levels of empathy make students more productive in social environments, according to the latest research. The role of empathy in the education can be very useful and it can increase the academic success of many students around the world. There was a study, for secondary school students, showing a strong connection between empathy indicators in children and their average grade. In addition, empathy continues to make a great effect, especially on comprehension in reading and social studies. The final statement is telling us that the empathic children are better able to place themselves in the role of central characters portrayed in the fictional and historical readings. They are also able to share and experience their feelings better. The empathy factor in the education system can boost children in terms of social behavior and motivation. They are more concerned for and respectful of others, which is also making them more self-directing in order to avoid harmful actions or maintain higher results of ethical, social conduct. The Yale’s research found that empathy is focusing to increase the next abilities: perceiving, using, understanding and managing any emotions. Empathy and the Learning Process Including empathy in the learning process is very important factor for young students. Many scientists argue that empathy training can be very effective for schools. Among all types of empathy trainings available for schools, there are some ways to change these types to increase the atmosphere of communities or classrooms. The emotional world of children Children’s emotions are the most important players in terms of motivation or learning. The role of emotions is very helpful, since it can help many young students to eliminate distractions like anxiety, anger or fear. The focus on a child’s emotional world is a key element in Waldorf Education. In this case, children make a bigger progress in the learning process and achieve better results during the study. How to use Empathy properly Empathy can be used in the learning process by the help of using stories. Stories are very interesting for children, because there kids are encouraged to use their imagination and the ability to place themselves into these stories. That is why teachers can use story to foster empathy and help children adopt to their lessons. Using empathy can help students to understand their experiences or feelings. Empathy model and the success The relationships of students and a positive teacher is the most important factor to achieve the future success. In Waldorf Education, it is usual to use the mentioned factor. This essential form of empathy model can help children to understand the world within the classroom. In order to make a final statement, we can tell you that empathy is key of children’s success.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Shrek Essay Example

Shrek Essay Example Shrek Paper Shrek Paper Essay Topic: Film Shrek is a comical animated fairytale based variously on literary archetypes and Disney-esque tropes. However, this fairy tale theme has been subverted using numerous presentational devices throughout the film, in many different ways. I am going to explain thoroughly how this is revised and shown in the film. At the opening of the film, the audience is led to believe that this is different than a traditional fairy tale. It starts off with an old distinguished story book, opening to reveal a traditional style fairy tale. The historic style of font, picturesque illustrations, and general gentle setting, lead to the preconception that it is another archetypal tale. With the traditional story book phrases, such as Once upon a time and conventional storylines such as The princess was locked in the highest room of the tallest tower, awaiting true love and true loves first kiss. Near the end of the short fairy tale, a large green hand rips the last page out of the book. Comically implying he used the page as toilet paper, based on the mise en scene and editing of Shrek emerging from an outhouse after tearing out the page and the sound of diegetic flushing. This kind of behaviour would not be shown in an archetypal fairy tale, leading the audience to see this is not the type of story they were expecting. The main character, Shrek, is an ogre. This is a clear subversion of a fairy story, as the main character, or hero, tends to be a handsome prince. It is also a subversion of his character as traditionally ogres are brutal, cruel and most importantly, of evil temperament. However also in the beginning Shrek is seen behaving in a human fashion. His habitat is quite homely and domesticated and is even shown performing a human cleansing ritual involving brushing his teeth and even having breakfast. This immediately alerts the audience or at least makes them suspicious, that Shrek must surely be a positive character as he is acting like an approachable human being and not a man eating ogre. However, a little later in the film, Shrek is seen confronting a gang of villagers who are trying to ambush him at his home. Suddenly his character seems a lot more sinister, as he uses traditional archetypal ogre threats, (such as Ill grind your bones to make my bread). But instead of carrying out his threats, he simply tells them to run away. Then terrifyingly roars in the faces of the villagers. This is shown by a close up of Shreks open mouth with food encrusted teeth. This adds to the traditional image of a disgusting ogre, unlike the humanised character we saw in the first scene. The two different sides of him revealed here show that he is a conflicted character. Torn between acting like a traditional ogre and a human character, these parallel images are reflected throughout most of the film. The presentational devices used in this chapter of the film help show this subversion as traditionally an ogre would not show any human characteristics at all and would not doubt the content of his own nature. During his travels, Shrek is introduced to Donkey. They meet when Donkey is pursued by a gang of soldiers and Shrek scares them away. Donkey is grateful and begins to chat to Shrek in a friendly manner. Shrek clearly struggles with the idea that someone does not judge him as a traditional ogre but as a human. Shreks character is more aggressive towards Donkey as he evidently doesnt know how to deal with the situation. This again shows Shreks conflicted character and how he finds it difficult to cope with not being judged on first impressions. Later on, Shrek and Donkey go on a quest issued by Lord Farquaad to rescue the Princess Fiona. When found, the princess appears to be another archetype; the beautiful damsel in distress, waiting to be rescued. However all is not as it seems, as later she is seen performing unladylike actions, such as burping and violently attacking a gang of men who mistakenly attempt to rescue her. The princesss role in a traditional animated fairy tale is to be a weak, beautiful, innocent, damsel in distress. This completely shows the misogynist viewpoint of male/ female roles in fairy tales. Lord Farquaad has all the aspects of a heroic character with his large castle and kingdom, riches and the fact that he wants a princess as his bride. However, his first impression and the actions he is seen doing persuade the audience otherwise. When we first meet lord farquaad, the presentational skills and devices used create a sinister, negative impression of him straightaway. A low angle shot is used to make him appear large and intimidating while he strides down a corridor. The dim background lighting and harsh marching music also add to the daunting effect of the scene. Even his first actions seem chilling, as he is precisely putting on his gloves showing that he means business. After this scene, he is shown torturing another character, the Gingerbread Man, for information. He even threatens the Magic Mirror to make him into a king. After hearing the mirrors solution to marry a princess, he then hires someone else to recue her for him. These are not things an archetypal hero would do at all, in fact, he shows more of the characteristics of a villain; again subverting the stereotypical tale. When Shrek and Donkey visit Duloc, more presentational devices are used in favour of Lord Farquaad. When Shrek and Donkey are discussing with Lord Farquaad the nature of the quest, Lord Farquaad is on a balcony far above them. A low angle shot is used to make him more impressive and show his higher status from the other characters. This was also cut to another shot of a close up behind lord Farquaad, creating a mise en- scene and making him seem bigger and therefore more important in comparison with Shrek. These presentational devices accurately help show the difference in status between characters, establishing their direct contrast to one another. In conclusion, the presentational devices used in Shrek help subvert the archetypal fairy tale through many aspects. Firstly, the use of low angle shots helps to establish status and contrast between characters and even with the characters themselves. For example, a close up of a characters face helps to display their emotions to more accurately. The themed background music used also helps to create a certain atmosphere or setting for a particular character, helping the audience perceive a character easily. Overall, the use of presentational devices in the film Shrek, assist in subverting the generic conventions of traditional fairy tales in a humorous and easy viewing way for the audience.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Technology Change and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Technology Change and Leadership - Essay Example Successful business change, however, is elusive even through consultancy with government, professional bodies and industry groups. This paper seeks to identify key challenges for organizational leadership in getting value from change enabled by technological advances. For CEOs and other leaders it is crucial that they possess a dynamic understanding of technological advances and ensure that, they are primed to capitalize on any new opportunities that it presents. They specifically have to keep track of external environmental developments in order to manage their implications for their own internal change programs. Visible and active leadership is needed to avoid lack of satisfactory exploitation for business benefits and extended timeframes for implementation. Technological integration is a major business transformation that involves organizational design, process change, and behavioral change. Business executives need to see these changes as technology-enabled and not as technology- driven. A number of challenges, including the need to revise and reconfigure business practices, processes, and people in parallel with technology changes, faces this. Additionally, they need to provide clear articulation and central purpose of the implementation program and its business benefits. ... These are normally attributed to individuals although analysis shows that they signify a standard response to poor leadership (Ackerman-Anderson & Anderson, 2010: p33). This has several implications for the CEO. He or she must set the purpose inherent in the implementation in relation to mission and strategy of the company. He/she must also comprehend the difference between holistic and incremental organizational change since with holistic change, one cannot reverse engineer (Ackerman-Anderson & Anderson, 2010: p35). Leadership must also be clear on the differences between implementation and installation since the former needs both organizational and technological change. Success for future leaders is also dependent on conviction and vision. Finally, as the project gains steam, leadership also needs to make space for others. Negative and positive feedback is vital at this point with rewards and a simple â€Å"well done† being vital (Ackerman-Anderson & Anderson, 2010: p35). To lead technological change, business leaders need to build capability for the ongoing change (Bates, 2010: p41). Under this requirement, leaders face a number of challenges. First, while individual projects undergo implementation from the bottom up, transformational portfolios require top-down development. The tendency to build the latter bottom-up risks the inclusion of redundant initiatives. Top-down portfolios should be used only for technological and organizational change that is mission critical. Adoption of a strategic perspective needs the leaders to articulate their overall change policy such as highlighting reductions in budgets and headcounts, as well as structural realignments. Time wasting will normally result from project attrition and CEOs need to deal upfront with crucial

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

New Restaurant in Summerlin Area, Las Vegas Term Paper - 2

New Restaurant in Summerlin Area, Las Vegas - Term Paper Example The strength of the project lies in its concept. At the same time, the promoter has limited experience in the field. This need not be considered as a drawback, because he is backed up by his family which has rich experience in the business for more than a decade. The various communities in the area need changes and varieties in restaurants in tune with the changing lifestyles. The business in a niche market segment with limited competition has the potential to grow in the long run with a chain of restaurants of the same type. However, unless the company establishes its quality and service levels within a year, other existing companies in the restaurant sector will encroach into this segment. The main objective is to provide a different restaurant experience to the clients by providing quality food which differs in taste and flavor compared to the food provided by others. To make the service more efficient, online booking and door delivery system will be put in place. This is also expected to reduce the crowd level within the restaurant. Providing food at a reasonable price needs a cost-effective procurement policy. Maintaining the highest level of standards and efficiency in operations to achieve the above objectives and build-up reputation, in the long run, are the overall objectives.  The strategic management decision involves selection of a suitable location and a building for the restaurant based on various factors such as the size of the building, approach roads, and parking area.   The interior work and other infrastructure facilities for kitchen, dining halls, and reception should be made within 3 months to prevent others from pursuing the same idea. Arrangements will be made for procurement from the established suppliers who are already supplying to similar restaurants in other cities.   Thereafter, the establishment of an online and door delivery system should be undertaken.  

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Accounting for Managerial Decision Making Research Paper

Accounting for Managerial Decision Making - Research Paper Example Traditionally, there are two things which are calculated while performing the cost volume profit analysis. These are calculating the contribution margin and contribution margin ratio. (Navaro, 2005) Contribution Margin = Sales – Variable costs Contribution Margin Ratio = Contribution / Sales The above calculations therefore focus on the overall fixed and variable costs of the firm while at the same time providing insight into how the costs vary with the output. However, when this technique was developed, firms were more labor intensive and had different manufacturing costs break up. The new firms have more constant costs which normally do not wary because most of the modern organizations are now capital intensive organizations with fixed labor costs. For example, a supervisor may be paid the same wages regardless of the fact that whether the machine works at its full capacity or not. As such many argue that the maximization of the contribution margin may no longer be relevant for the modern organizations. (Luther, and O’Donovan., 1998)... Further, since the capital intensive firms have higher fixed cost ratio in their total cost structure therefore capital intensive firms may not be able to clearly identity their breakeven point based on the CVP analysis as this may be misleading. In a capital intensive firm, more costs goes to the management and operations of the capital intensive equipment with little costs going towards the labor and other overheads. The excessive contribution by the manufacturing overheads therefore makes it irrelevant for the capital intensive firms to actually use the CVP analysis. 2) The traditional theory on corporate finance and accounting suggests that the major task of the managers is to ensure that their actions result into the generation of value for the shareholders. Thus the common objective of the firm or the business has been focused upon the profit maximization and the maximization of the shareholders’ value. Any business activity which does not result into the above two there fore may not be considered as the real objectives of the firm. The traditional accounting therefore seems to portray only the above basic aims of the firm i.e. capturing how value and profitability can be maximized and based on these principles different accounting estimates and procedures are made. The latest trends however suggest that the firm’s only objective cannot be limited to just the maximization of the profits or the shareholders’ value. Now firms also being viewed as larger part of the society with different other objectives too including sustainability of the environment as well as corporate social responsibility.( Islam, and Dellaportas,

Friday, November 15, 2019

45 47 Stella Street English Literature Essay

45 47 Stella Street English Literature Essay In Elizabeth Honeys childrens text 45 + 47 Stella Street and everything that happened (1995), 11 year old Henni shares her view of the events that take place in Stella Street. She is a reliable narrator as it is intended for her story to be trusted by the reader, evident with honest statements during her introduction of telling the implied reader that she may not be the cleverest or the prettiestà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ but is the tallest (Honey, 1995, p.5). The novel clearly shows a separation of classes within the neighbourhood, with Hennis family and friends being portrayed as the preferable middle-class, the Phonies evidently belonging to a higher class and characters such as the Brown boys being lower class. The implied reader of the book is middle-classed Australian children as they can relate to Henni, see themselves in her position and understand the common Australian terms such as milo and walk-a-thon. This implied reader experiences the events through Hennis point of view, feeling h er emotions and seeing things as they appear to her, positioning the implied reader to share Hennis emotions and therefore support her throughout the novel. The Phonies are seen as the high-class members of the neighbourhood, although later found to be criminals. The residents of Stella Street see their behaviour as being unusual as they renovate, travel regularly, constantly purchase new items and use expensive solicitors rather than confronting the issue themselves. The neighbours evidently believe the Phonies were made of money (p.23) and could not understand why they felt the need to replace belongings constantly and get rid of things much too good to throw out (p.87). The Phonies are mocked and criticised by the other members of Stella Street for their evidently excessive use of money with Danielle believing they must be throwing furniture out for rubbish collection as it was at least four months old so must be time for a complete change (p.86). They are also criticised for their formal letters of complaint from solicitors, with the other residents of Stella Street wondering why they could not simply talk about it rather than coming out guns blazing with all this solicitors letter nonsense (p.23). This makes the Phonies seem as cruel, unreasonable people. All of this along with the fact that they turn out to be criminals, imply a negative connotation on the upper class population as they are seen to be irrational, harsh beings who do not follow the law or make a reasonable attempt to be humane with the rest of society. In comparison to the superiority of the Phonies, were the Brown boys and Donnas rent-a-kid children who belonged to far more inferior class. The Brown boys were renowned for being trouble and are not trusted by the dominant class in the neighbourhood, promoting the idea that lower classes are not trustworthy or worth the respect of others. The fact that the Brown boys lie to the police in regards to their whereabouts on the night of the spotlight game, suggests that lower class people are liars, with Donna even implying this to the children by warning them not to bank on the Brown boys (p.73). Similarly to the misbehaving Brown boys, the dog catcher W.P Burgess is a cruel lower class member. Henni suggests that he was probably a garbo or the school bully (p.43) before he became a dog catcher and describes him as having a nasty temper (p.43). Burgesss poor temper and heartlessness suggest that the lower class are angry, miserable people. The troubled children Donna brings home from he r social work are seen to the Stella Street children in particular as inferior and off the planet'(p.24), Henni nicknaming these children as rent-a-kid'(p.25), suggesting that they are incapable of being in a stable, loving home. Although the implied reader may sympathise with the lower class families in the novel, many negative connotations are suggested in the text with the inferior families being promoted as unreliable, untrustworthy and cruel. The promoted preferable class in the novel is the dominant middle-class of Henni and her family and friends. Henni describes her family by saying were not rich but were not poor (p.135) suggesting that they have stable living conditions and although may not have an excessive amount of money, are able to provide and care for their family with a sustainable income. This middle class population is positioned to be seen as the desirable class to the implied reader, as they are pleased with their lives and have loving friends and family to support them. The majority of Stella Street agree on the fact that there is something peculiar about the Phonies and do not want the high class snobs living in their neighbourhood. The fact that the middle class characters in the childrens novel are all friendly and positive promotes the class. Mr Nic, for example, is described by Henni as a cheerful chap (p.7) and is loved by all the neighbours. Throughout the novel Mr Nic is always willing to help, wh ether it is babysitting Briquette or assisting the children in their mission of discovery more about the Phonies. Mr Nic is the perfect example of the ideal middle classed individual with in the text. The closure of the text plays a major part in suggesting the idealisation of the middle classed population. The happy ending presented in the text shows the high class Phonies being sent to jail and the lower class Brown boys and W.P Burgess disappearing, illustrating how the high and low class populations are far less successful and discontent. A new family moves in to Stella Street who can be interpreted as being a middle-class family by the implied reader as they seem to immediately fit in and are liked by the members of Stella Street. The fact that all of the middle classed characters in the novel achieve a joyful ending suggests that it is only the middle classed population who are truly successful and therefore promotes the desirability of this class. 45 +47 Stella Street and everything that happens strongly implies that the middle class population is the ideal class with characters such as Henni and her family and friends living a satisfying, successful life as pleasant, loving people. In contrast, the upper class Phonies and lower class characters such as the Brown boys, are shown negatively throughout the text with traits such as anger, dishonesty and cruelty being connected to them. The implied reader is positioned to believe that Henni and her family are the ideal characters and therefore the middle class is the desirable class.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

The Great Depression Essay -- essays research papers

Carmack 2 The Great Depression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression is known as a time of economic disaster, and for its impact on the social structure of families. As times got harder, the family way of life changed. Families that were well off did not suffer as much as those that were already struggling. When men lost their jobs they also lost the ability to support their families. Children were forced to leave home and find work without adequate schooling. The Great Depression affected people both physically and psychologically. It was an era of unemployment, family struggles, and the way they survived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression was an era of unemployment. One of the main causes of unemployment was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the twenties. The unequal distribution of wealth had gone on forever. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle class, between the United States and Europe, and even between industries and agriculture. The unequal distribution of wealth had created an unstable economy. Companies were losing money because of this unstable economy so there for they had to make some changes. The first thing that had to be done was to save money and they did this by cut the pay role. Employees of many years were fired or took massive pay cuts. The employers only kept a select few workers that they had to have. Carmack 3 If one did not make the employer’s expectation, they were fired.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monte Cristo had a list, a little roll call. And one by one he took them each for a ride Saying One and Two and Three and so on Till the names were all crossed off And he had cleabsed the world of a giving number Of betrayers who had personally wronged him. He was judge, jury, and executioner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Sandburg 445) Finding a replacement was not difficult since everyone; men, women, children, and even grandparents, were looking for work. I’m not asking for social equality, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ All I want is a job with a decent wage, To exist now and provide for old age. So kindhearted employers, my case is up to you, Give me something to do. (Proudberg 9-16) With few job openings and so many people looking fo... ...yday study the buffalo on the nickel, †¦. Study before the nickel, the dime is spent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Sandburg 456) A lot of the people today have long forgotten the lessons that their parents had taught them. Today people really do not appreciate the value of a dollar, but they know all about â€Å"plastic,† or commonly known as credit cards. I think a small dose of depression would do people today some good but not too much, because I think we would have a lot more people killing themselves and others just because people have fewer moral values today. Carmack 8 Worked Cited Hawes, Joseph M. Children Between the Wars. Ed. Joseph M. Hawes., N. Ray Hiner. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997. Proudbeg, Jim. â€Å"Poor Nut Ambitious (too Proud To Beg).† 21 Apr. 2000. http://www.mudcat.org/!!-song99.cfm?stuff=fall99+9902682. Sandburg, Carl. The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970. Underwood, Mark. â€Å"Black Thursday.† The New York Times on the web. 1 May. 1996. 4 Apr. 2000 . The Great Depression Essay -- essays research papers Carmack 2 The Great Depression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression is known as a time of economic disaster, and for its impact on the social structure of families. As times got harder, the family way of life changed. Families that were well off did not suffer as much as those that were already struggling. When men lost their jobs they also lost the ability to support their families. Children were forced to leave home and find work without adequate schooling. The Great Depression affected people both physically and psychologically. It was an era of unemployment, family struggles, and the way they survived.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Depression was an era of unemployment. One of the main causes of unemployment was the combination of the greatly unequal distribution of wealth throughout the twenties. The unequal distribution of wealth had gone on forever. Money was distributed disparately between the rich and the middle class, between the United States and Europe, and even between industries and agriculture. The unequal distribution of wealth had created an unstable economy. Companies were losing money because of this unstable economy so there for they had to make some changes. The first thing that had to be done was to save money and they did this by cut the pay role. Employees of many years were fired or took massive pay cuts. The employers only kept a select few workers that they had to have. Carmack 3 If one did not make the employer’s expectation, they were fired.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monte Cristo had a list, a little roll call. And one by one he took them each for a ride Saying One and Two and Three and so on Till the names were all crossed off And he had cleabsed the world of a giving number Of betrayers who had personally wronged him. He was judge, jury, and executioner   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Sandburg 445) Finding a replacement was not difficult since everyone; men, women, children, and even grandparents, were looking for work. I’m not asking for social equality, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ All I want is a job with a decent wage, To exist now and provide for old age. So kindhearted employers, my case is up to you, Give me something to do. (Proudberg 9-16) With few job openings and so many people looking fo... ...yday study the buffalo on the nickel, †¦. Study before the nickel, the dime is spent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Sandburg 456) A lot of the people today have long forgotten the lessons that their parents had taught them. Today people really do not appreciate the value of a dollar, but they know all about â€Å"plastic,† or commonly known as credit cards. I think a small dose of depression would do people today some good but not too much, because I think we would have a lot more people killing themselves and others just because people have fewer moral values today. Carmack 8 Worked Cited Hawes, Joseph M. Children Between the Wars. Ed. Joseph M. Hawes., N. Ray Hiner. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997. Proudbeg, Jim. â€Å"Poor Nut Ambitious (too Proud To Beg).† 21 Apr. 2000. http://www.mudcat.org/!!-song99.cfm?stuff=fall99+9902682. Sandburg, Carl. The Complete Poems of Carl Sandburg. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970. Underwood, Mark. â€Å"Black Thursday.† The New York Times on the web. 1 May. 1996. 4 Apr. 2000 .