113 Great Research Paper Topics

3 Great Research Paper Topics SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Probably the hardest piece of composing an examination paper can be simply finding a decent point to expound on. Luckily we’ve accomplished the difficult work for you and have aggregated a rundown of 3 fascinating exploration paper themes. They’ve been sorted out into ten classifications and spread a wide scope of subjects so you can without much of a stretch locate the best point for you. Notwithstanding the rundown of good research subjects, we've remembered guidance for what makes a decent research paper point and how you can utilize your theme to begin composing an incredible paper. What Makes a Good Research Paper Topic? Not all examination paper points are made equivalent, and you need to ensure you pick an extraordinary theme before you begin composing. The following are the three most significant variables to consider to ensure you pick the best research paper points. #1: It’s Something You’re Interested In A paper is constantly simpler to compose if you’re inspired by the theme, and you’ll be increasingly roused to do inside and out research and compose a paper that truly covers the whole subject. Regardless of whether a specific research paper theme is getting a great deal of buzz at the present time or others appear to be keen on expounding on it, don’t feel enticed to make it your point except if you really have a type of enthusiasm for it too. #2: There’s Enough Information to Write a Paper Regardless of whether you think of the most perfect research paper subject and you’re so eager to expound on it, you won’t have the option to deliver a decent paper if there isn’t enough research about the theme. This can occur for quite certain or specific subjects, just as points that are too new to even think about having enough research done on them right now. Simple research paper themes will consistently be subjects with enough data to compose a full-length paper. Attempting to compose an exploration paper on a theme that doesn’t have a lot of research on it is fantastically hard, so before you settle on a point, do a touch of fundamental looking and ensure you’ll have all the data you have to compose your paper. #3: It Fits Your Teacher’s Guidelines Don’t escape taking a gander at arrangements of research paper points that you overlook any prerequisites or limitations your educator may have put on explore subject thoughts. In the event that you’re composing an examination paper on a wellbeing related theme, choosing to expound on the effect of rap on the music scene most likely won’t be permitted, however there might be a type of elbowroom. For instance, if you’re truly keen on recent developments yet your instructor needs you to compose an exploration paper on a history subject, you might have the option to pick a point that fits the two classifications, such as investigating the connection between the US and North Korea. Regardless, consistently get your exploration paper subject affirmed by your instructor first before you start composing. 3 Good Research Paper Topics The following are 3 acceptable research subjects to assist you with kicking you off on your paper. We’ve composed them into ten classes to make it simpler to discover the kind of research paper points you’re searching for. Expressions/Culture Talk about the fundamental contrasts in craftsmanship from the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance. Dissect the effect a renowned craftsman had on the world. How is sexism depicted in various kinds of media (music, film, computer games, and so forth.)? Has the sum/kind of sexism changed throughout the years? How has the music of slaves brought over from Africa molded present day American music? How has rap music advanced in the previous decade? How has the depiction of minorities in the media changed? Recent developments What have been the effects of China’s one kid strategy? How have the objectives of women's activists changed throughout the decades? How has the Trump administration changed worldwide relations? Dissect the historical backdrop of the connection between the United States and North Korea. What variables added to the present decrease in the pace of joblessness? What have been the effects of states which have expanded their lowest pay permitted by law? How would US migration laws contrast with movement laws of different nations? How have the US’s movement laws changed in the previous hardly any years/decades? How has the Black Lives Matter development influenced conversations and view about bigotry in the US? What effect has the Affordable Care Act had on medicinal services in the US? What components added to the UK choosing to leave the EU (Brexit)? What variables added to China turning into a monetary force? Talk about the historical backdrop of Bitcoin and different digital forms of money. Instruction Do understudies in schools that kill grades improve in school and their vocations? Do understudies from wealthier foundations score higher on government sanctioned tests? Do understudies who get free suppers at school get higher evaluations contrasted with when they weren’t accepting a free feast? Do understudies who go to sanction schools score higher on state administered tests than understudies in government funded schools? Improve in same-sex study halls? How does giving every understudy access to an iPad or PC influence their examinations? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Montessori Method? Do youngsters who go to preschool improve in school later on? What was the effect of the No Child Left Behind act? How does the US instruction framework contrast with training frameworks in different nations? What effect does required physical instruction classes have on students’ wellbeing? Which techniques are best at lessening tormenting in schools? Do homeschoolers who go to school do just as understudies who went to customary schools? Does offering residency increment or reduction nature of educating? How does school obligation influence future life selections of understudies? Should graduate understudies have the option to shape associations? Morals What are various approaches to bring down firearm related passings in the US? How and why have separate from rates changed after some time? Is governmental policy regarding minorities in society still important in training or potentially the working environment? Should doctor helped self destruction be lawful? How has immature microorganism investigate affected the clinical field? By what method can human dealing be decreased in the United States/world? Should individuals have the option to give organs in return for cash? Government Which kinds of adolescent discipline have demonstrated best at forestalling future violations? Has the expansion in US air terminal security made travelers more secure? Dissect the migration arrangements of specific nations and how they are comparative and unique in relation to each other. A few states have authorized recreational weed. What positive and negative effects have they encountered accordingly? Do levies increment the quantity of local employments? Which jail changes have demonstrated best? Should governments have the option to edit certain data on the web? Wellbeing Which strategies/programs have been best at decreasing high schooler pregnancy? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the Keto diet? How viable are distinctive exercise systems for getting in shape and keeping up weight reduction? How do the human services plans of different nations contrast from one another? What are the best approaches to treat discouragement? What are the advantages and disadvantages of hereditarily adjusted nourishments? Which techniques are best for improving memory? What should be possible to bring down human services costs in the US? What variables added to the current narcotic emergency? Investigate the history and effect of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Are low-sugar or low-fat eating regimens increasingly powerful for weight reduction? What amount of activity should the normal grown-up get every week? Which strategies are best to get guardians to immunize their kids? What are the advantages and disadvantages of clean needle programs? How does pressure influence the body? History Talk about the historical backdrop of the contention among Israel and the Palestinians. What were the circumstances and end results of the Salem Witch Trials? Who was liable for the Iran-Contra circumstance? How has New Orleans and the government’s reaction to cataclysmic events changed since Hurricane Katrina? What occasions prompted the fall of the Roman Empire? What were the effects of British standard in India? Was the nuclear bombarding of Hiroshima and Nagasaki important? What were the victories and disappointments of the women’s testimonial development in the United States? What were the reasons for the Civil War? How did Abraham Lincoln’s death sway the nation and recreation after the Civil War? Which variables added to the states winning the American Revolution? What caused Hitler’s ascend to control? Talk about how a particular innovation affected history. What prompted Cleopatra’s fall as leader of Egypt? How has Japan changed and advanced throughout the hundreds of years? What were the reasons for the Rwandan slaughter? Religion For what reason did Martin Luther choose to part with the Catholic Church? Break down the history and effect of a notable clique (Jonestown, Manson family, and so forth.) How did the sexual maltreatment outrage sway how individuals see the Catholic Church? How has the Catholic church’s power changed over the previous decades/hundreds of years? What are the causes behind the ascent in secularism/rationalism in the United States? What were the impacts throughout Siddhartha's life brought about him turning into the Buddha? How has media depiction of Islam/Muslims changed since September th? Science/Environment How has the earth’s atmosphere changed in the previous barely any decades? How has the utilization and end of DDT influenced winged animal populaces in the US? Dissect how the number and seriousness of cataclysmic events have expanded in the previous scarcely any decades. Investigate deforestation rates in a specific region or universally over some stretch of time. How have past oil slicks changed guidelines and cleanup techniques? How has the Flint water emergency changed water regul

The Benefits of Junior Essay Samples

The Benefits of Junior Essay Samples You will probably not obtain a better writing company than ParamountEssays. No paper written for one more client is used for one more customer. Should you need extra assistance with editing and revising, there are a couple free tools readily available online. If you've got an assignment deadline coming up and you are concerned that you won't be in a position to finish your task, don't hesitate to order a paper. College years are thought to be the best years in someone's life. If you chance to select an intriguing topic, your professor will acquire interested in your personality. Usually, students aren't encouraged to express own ideas and give own assessments. Most students think that it is the lack of desire to complete assignments that results in the using of writing services. A regular result can create a weak supplemental essay. There's no ideal solution on how best to compose an effective essay. To compose an impressive short ess ay, especially during an examination, you have to be in a position to hit the question and supply a straightforward answer while at the exact same time observing the correct structure of an essay. Hence, if you would like to balance your academic and family pressure side-by-side, you can merely acquire completely free essay samples so you may have a simple idea of writing proper essays. Essay writing is normally practiced is schools. Or you might even receive a distinct portion of your essay paper done. Writing an essay at our company is completely stress-free. Excellent essay examples are astoundingly helpful once you need to discover extra ideas of how expand your research. Life experiences like stress or trauma in addition to substance abuse could also destabilise a person's mental wellness. Anyway, a case study may be used for many purposes since it enables the student's capacity to spell out an array of factors and the way they have a tendency to interact in real contexts. As a consequence, you get a fantastic deal of free time and completed homework. There are a number of factors that may give rise to a man to come up with a mental disorder. Who Else Wants to Learn About Junior Essay Samples? Browsing the internet you will come across millions of essay writing resources. When you surf our site for recommendations that may help you write your own ess ay, you will discover many helpful tips. Our service also provides free essays which is an element of what makes us unmatched. Therefore your choice may be limited to what you will likely finish. There's no topic too challenging for our experts. One other important factor to think about is the format of the essay. Whispered Junior Essay Samples Secrets Examples of college essays can be quite helpful. Academic papers play an incredibly important part in your academic success. Essays have to be completely the work of the student going into the contest. Descriptive college essays are quite popular among professors and students. You need to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. Students have to compose essays based on the teacher's instructions or their preferred style in writing. Even if a student is a terrific essay writer, they may still not have sufficient time to complete all the writing assignments punctually or do this well enough, particularly when the exams are near. Many junior students believe an NHS essay should take up almost 3 pages. What Junior Essay Samples Is - and What it Is Not Your introductory paragraph needs to be clear and concise just enjoy the example. Other totally free extras that are included are a completely free outline, absolutely free plagiarism report and completely free title page. As a rule you're totally free to decide on any topics in a specific field. This way you already have your examples all lined up for yourself whether you would like to use them to earn a point. Life After Junior Essay Samples The simplest way to specify the kind of an essay is to realize the writer's point of view. There is a typical pitfall here. You're going to need to select a topic first, but your topic ought to be something that has two conflicting points or distinct conclusions. When having an essay example you've got access to ideas of a different person that has complicated the research and you are able to observe the issue from totally different perspective that's an excellent advantage for an accomplished research or essay.

The Sociology of Social Inequality

Social inequality results from a society organized by hierarchies of class, race, and gender that unequally distributes access to resources and rights. It can manifest in a variety of ways, like income and wealth inequality, unequal access to education and cultural resources, and differential treatment by the police and judicial system, among others. Social inequality goes hand in hand with social stratification. Overview Social inequality is characterized by the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society. It contains structured and recurrent patterns of unequal distributions of goods, wealth, opportunities, rewards, and punishments. Racism, for example, is understood to be a phenomenon whereby access to rights and resources is unfairly distributed across racial lines. In the context of the United States, people of color typically experience racism, which benefits white people by conferring on them white privilege, which allows them greater access to rights and resources than other Americans. There are two main ways to measure social inequality: inequality of conditionsinequality of opportunities Inequality of conditions refers to the unequal distribution of income, wealth, and material goods. Housing, for example, is inequality of conditions with the homeless and those living in housing projects sitting at the bottom of the hierarchy while those living in multi-million dollar mansions sit at the top. Another example is at the level of whole communities, where some are poor, unstable, and plagued by violence, while others are invested in by business and government so that they thrive and provide safe, secure, and happy conditions for their inhabitants. Inequality of opportunities refers to the unequal distribution of life chances across individuals. This is reflected in measures such as level of education, health status, and treatment by the criminal justice system. For example, studies have shown that college and university professors are more likely to ignore emails from women and people of color than they are to ignore those from white men, which privileges the educational outcomes of white men by channeling a biased amount of mentoring and educational resources to them. Discrimination of an individual, community, and institutional levels is a major part of the process of reproducing social inequalities of race, class, gender, and sexuality. For example, women are systematically paid less than men for doing the same work, and sociologists have conclusively demonstrated that racism is built into the very foundation of our society, and is present in all of our social institutions. 2 Main Theories There are two main views of social inequality within sociology. One view aligns with the functionalist theory, and the other aligns with conflict theory. Functionalist theorists believe that inequality is inevitable and desirable and plays an important function in society. Important positions in society require more training and thus should receive more rewards. Social inequality and social stratification, according to this view, lead to a meritocracy based on ability.Conflict theorists, on the other hand, view inequality as resulting from groups with power dominating less powerful groups. They believe that social inequality prevents and hinders societal progress as those in power repress the powerless people to maintain the status quo. In todays world, this work of domination is achieved primarily through the power of ideology, our thoughts, values, beliefs, worldviews, norms, and expectations, through a process known as cultural hegemony. How Its Studied Sociologically, social inequality can be studied as a social problem that encompasses three dimensions: structural conditions, ideological supports, and social reforms. Structural conditions include things that can be objectively measured and that contribute to social inequality. Sociologists study how things like educational attainment, wealth, poverty, occupations, and power lead to social inequality between individuals and groups of people. Ideological supports include ideas and assumptions that support the social inequality present in a society. Sociologists examine how things such as formal laws, public policies, and dominant values  both lead to social inequality, and help sustain it. For example, consider this discussion of the role that words and the ideas attached to them play in this process. Social reforms are things such as organized resistance, protest groups, and social movements. Sociologists study how these social reforms help shape or change social inequality that exists in a society, as well as their origins,  impact, and long-term effects. Today, social media plays a large role in social reform campaigns and was harnessed in 2014 by British actress Emma Watson, on behalf of the United Nations, to launch a campaign for gender equality called #HeForShe.

Nike s Marketing Practises With Puma - 1092 Words

This essay begins by discussing the competition between Nike and one of its rivals. This essay will focus on Puma as they are Nike’s rival. Moreover, it will analyse and discuss Nike’s marketing practises with Puma; these two companies will be compared and will be supported by examples and references that will be shown throughout the essay. To begin with, Nike is the world’s largest sports brand while Puma is currently the third largest sports company after Adidas in the sports industry. (Heydt, 2013). Nike’s brand value is continuously increasing each year. (Interbrand, 2013). According to Interbrand (2013), Nike carries on with endorsing famous sports athletes including, Rafael Nadal and Lebron James. Nike’s shoe products are very well†¦show more content†¦(Chris, 2014). Puma and Nike have organised their marketing programs in a very good and successful way, through all parts of integrated marketing communications, these two brands have also strengthened their brand image through contracts with athletes and sponsorships as well as partnerships with groups and players of international repute in football, golf and other well-known sports and sponsoring mega global occasions. (Nazir et al., 2013). Understanding customers is the way to provide for them great service; it is important for every company to understand its customers, including Puma and Nike, to be able to give their customers good service. To give good customer care, businesses must deliver what they have promised. However, great customer care includes getting to know the customers well that organisations can anticipate their customers’ needs and surpass their desires and expectations. (Donut, 2014). Mahadevan (2014) stated that, â€Å"The better the business can manage the relationships it has with its customers, the more successful it will become† this shows that organisations today need to understand its customers in order to succeed. Nike and Puma are both focusing on their customers and are strongly committed to marketing. (Wood, 2013). These sports organisations share a thorough dedication to understanding and fulfilling the needs of their customers in clearly defined target

Chaucer Used Poetic Form Essay Example For Students

Chaucer Used Poetic Form Essay How has Chaucer used poetic form, structure and language to express his thoughts and feelings in The Knights Tale? Saucers use of language, form, and structure works to convey the details of different characters and the emotions surrounding them In a multi-faceted manor. For instance, Saucers heavy use of nature-oriented, romantic imagery when describing Emily imbues her character with a youth and vibrancy, aided by the setting of a morn in May, already causing the readers mind to contemplate Springs themes of new life, of blooming botany. The description of how roses color strove her hue both relates her to the Rose flower (perhaps suggesting a natural purity and delicateness) and the color red. It could be argued that this association of the color red with Emily was Implemented by Chaucer as a way infusing her character with romance and passion, given Recite and Palominos revealed affection for her. Furthermore, it could be said that there is also a subtle undertone to Emails associations with red (eventually coming to fruition with Recite and Palominos lenience towards each other later in the story), though if this is true then it is somewhat underplayed given the maiden-Like Image of Emily we are more thoroughly presented with as she sauntered back and forth through each close. In contrast to this chaste but romantic and verbose description of Emily, Recite and Pullman are presented with no real defining differences between them mentioned in this extract. Both choose to speak using similarly dour and formal laments (and exclamations of Alas! and Ah! ) that blanket the latter half of the extract, and in doing so make it official for the reader to distinguish between the characters morals, hopes, and general personalities. It could perhaps be that by striping the two men of their identities In such a way, Chaucer Is commenting on the weariness of courtly love, and how this refined, aristocratic form of courting does nothing to truly distinguish one suitor from another. Chaucer also makes use of form to give the extract an immediacy, along with structural dynamics that keep the readers attention. Saucers dedication to the use of rhyming couplets throughout the extract (and throughout Canterbury Tales In unreal) gives his words a liveliness, due to how each rhyme comes very quickly, bracketing each two lines and causing them to call attention to themselves. By doing this Chaucer keeps the mood somewhat bouncy, yet whimsical and care-free, and from straying too far into heavily emotional territory. We see this in how even Arcatas questioning of-My cousin, why what ails you now / That youve so deathly pallor on your brow? ls rendered less concern-ridden and, arguably, more racked with curiously thematic Jumps throughout the extract, that confound the emotional reaction of the deader: And like a heavenly angels was her song. The tower tall, which was so thick and strong. These alternations between happy, sad, morbid and beautiful themes from line to line push forward the idea that Joy and sorrow are never far apart form one another. Each of these factors combines to make an emotionally confusing piece of writing, especially for a modern reader, and is perhaps intentional with Chaucer attempting to reflect themes of courtly love, and the supposed strong emotions that surround it, with a serendipitous writing style.

The Eternal Battle between Good and Evil Essay Example

The Eternal Battle between Good and Evil Essay All good men face temptations. Some men may fall, but the choice to admit mistakes and become better for it is what matters most. In the stories of Goodman Brown, by Nathaniel Hawthorne and The Chronicles of Nirvana: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, by C. S. Lewis, there are many examples of human nature between good and evil. These examples are portrayed by characteristics, symbols, and themes found throughout the story lines. In both stories, there is one idea in common that both authors used by means of symbols. On the other hand, there were also some unique differences. The good and evil of life and human nature clashing can be represented by attributes, symbols, and themes described In both stories. First, in both stories, each author addresses a particular attribute: while Hawthorne talks about fear, Lewis mentions forgiveness. Young Goodman Brown goes Into the forest to meet the devil In spite of the fact that his wife has prohibited It. From that point onward, Goodman Brown expresses his fear of the forest, which Is the devils domain and is described as a dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, ND closed Immediately behind (Hawthorne 81). In the meantime, meeting with the devil brought him anxiety and fear, and eventually he lost his faith, mentioning, My Faith is gone (Hawthorne 86). Lewis, however, talks about forgiveness, showing Edmunds betrayal being forgiven by his brother and sisters as well as Aslant, the king of Nirvana. We will write a custom essay sample on The Eternal Battle between Good and Evil specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Eternal Battle between Good and Evil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Eternal Battle between Good and Evil specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Even though Edmund negotiated with the White Witch to make himself superior, and was betrayed and held hostage by the Witch. Aslant rescued him and brought Edmund to his siblings, saying, There is no need to talk to him about what is sat (Lewis 139). In this respect, it is clear to see that both stories have difference in attributes. Secondly, both stories deal with two similar types of symbols, which play a role In tempting characters. Regarding the story, Goodman Brown, the devil gives the staff, which is an evil one, to Goodman Brown so that he can move more quickly toward the ceremony to check his wife, Faith. The devil says, Sit here and rest yourself a while; and when you feel Like moving again, there Is my staff to help you along (Hawthorne 84). Without hesitation, Goodman Brown uses the maple stick and as as speedily out of sight as if he had vanished into the deepening gloom (Hawthorne 84). Similarly, Edmund barters away his siblings to the White Witch due to Turkish Delight, thinking that each piece was sweet and light to the very center and Edmund had never tasted anything more delicious. It made him warm, and very comfortable (Lewis 37). For these reasons, it is easy to see that both stories have similar symbols in tempting main characters. Last, both stories have different themes relating to religious background; Hawthorne ended up Illustrating Goodman Browns sadness and misery along with lilt; on the contrary, Lewis concluded with hope and happiness in life by redemption, similar to what Jesus Christ has done for all humankind. Even though willing to sacrifice himself in order to show tender mercy to Edmund in spite of the fact that he did not realize how important the sacrifice really was. After all, Edmund repented and was forgiven by his siblings. The author writes, Edmund shook hands with each of the others and apologized to each of them, and everyone said, thats all right (Lewis 139). At the end of the story, Edmund fought for Nirvana with his brother ND sisters, and they all found their kingdom that wonderful hall with the ivory roof and the west all hung with peacocks feathers and the eastern door which looks towards the sea, and thrones with endless Joy and happiness (Lewis 181). Contrary to this story, in the end, no matter if the moment in the forest was a real or dream, Goodman Brown keeps digging himself into his sorrow and grief after looking at humanity Satanism, his evil side, as reflected in the mirror of the real world. The author explains, Goodman Brown turn pale, dreading lest the roof should thunder own upon the gray blasphemer and his hearers. When the family knelt down at prayer, he scowled and muttered to himself, and gazed sternly at his wife, and turned away (Hawthorne 89). For these reasons, both stories have different themes in ending. To sum up, attributes, symbols, and themes described in the two stories indicate the good and evil of life and human nature. In terms of attributes, Hawthorne mentions about fear by portraying Young Goodman Browns anxiety and fear of the forest and the devil. Lewis, however, remarks on forgiveness by describing the fact hat Aslant rescued Edmund although he betrayed all of his siblings. From a symbolic point of view, both characters, Goodman Brown and Edmund, had given into temptation. Goodman Brown uses the staff to travel faster, and Edmund eats Turkish Delight without caring about his siblings. From a standpoint theme, both authors have differences in making their novels endings. While Hawthorne ends up representing Goodman Browns constant feeling of guilt, Lewis makes conclusion with emphasizing hope and happiness from redemption by showing Clans will of sacrifice and Edmunds repentance.

X Ray Definition and Properties (X Radiation)

X Ray Definition and Properties (X Radiation) X-rays or x-radiation are part of the electromagnetic spectrum with shorter wavelengths (higher frequency) than visible light. X-radiation wavelength ranges from 0.01 to 10 nanometers, or frequencies from  3Ãâ€"1016  Hz to 3Ãâ€"1019  Hz. This puts the x-ray wavelength between ultraviolet light and gamma rays. The distinction between x-ray and gamma rays may be based on wavelength or on radiation source. Sometimes x-radiation is considered to be radiation emitted by electrons, while gamma radiation is emitted by the atomic nucleus. German scientist Wilhelm Rà ¶ntgen was the first to study x-rays (1895), although he was not the first person to observe them. X-rays had been observed emanating from Crookes tubes, which were invented circa 1875. Rà ¶ntgen called the light X-radiation to indicate it was a previously unknown type. Sometimes the radiation is called  Rà ¶ntgen or Roentgen radiation, after the scientist. Accepted spellings include x rays, x-rays, xrays, and X rays (and radiation). The term x-ray is also used to refer to a radiographic image formed using x-radiation and to the method used to produce the image. Hard and Soft X-Rays X-rays range in energy from 100 eV to 100 keV (below 0.2–0.1  nm wavelength). Hard x-rays are those with photon energies greater than 5-10 keV.  Soft x-rays are those with lower energy. The wavelength of hard x-rays is comparable to the diameter of an atom. Hard x-rays have sufficient energy to penetrate matter, while soft x-rays are absorbed in air or penetrate water to a depth of about 1 micrometer. Sources of X-Rays X-rays may be emitted whenever sufficiently energetic charged particles strike matter. Accelerated electrons are used to produce x-radiation in an x-ray tube, which is a vacuum tube with a hot cathode and a metal target. Protons or other positive ions may also be used. For example, proton-induced x-ray emission is an analytical technique. Natural sources of x-radiation include radon gas, other radioisotopes, lightning, and cosmic rays. How X-Radiation Interacts With Matter The three ways x-rays interact with matter are Compton scattering, Rayleigh scattering, and photoabsorption. Compton scattering is the primary interaction involving high energy hard x-rays, while photoabsorption is the dominant interaction with soft x-rays and lower energy hard x-rays. Any x-ray has sufficient energy to overcome the binding energy between atoms in molecules, so the effect depends on the elemental composition of matter and not its chemical properties. Uses of X-Rays Most people are familiar with x-rays because of their use in medical imaging, but there are many other applications of the radiation: In diagnostic medicine, x-rays are used to view bone structures. Hard x-radiation is used to minimize absorption of low energy x-rays. A filter is placed over the x-ray tube to prevent transmission of the lower energy radiation. The high atomic mass of calcium atoms in teeth and bones absorbs x-radiation, allowing most of the other radiation to pass through the body. Computer tomography (CT scans), fluoroscopy, and radiotherapy are other x-radiation diagnostic techniques. X-rays may also be used for therapeutic techniques, such as cancer treatments. X-rays are used for crystallography, astronomy, microscopy, industrial radiography, airport security, spectroscopy, fluorescence, and to implode fission devices. X-rays may be used to create art and also to analyze paintings. Banned uses include x-ray hair removal and shoe-fitting fluoroscopes, which were both popular in the 1920s. Risks Associated with X-Radiation X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation, able to break chemical bonds and ionize atoms. When x-rays were first discovered, people suffered radiation burns and hair loss. There were even reports of deaths. While radiation sickness is largely a thing of the past, medical x-rays are a significant source of man-made radiation exposure, accounting for about half the total radiation exposure from all sources in the U.S. in 2006. There is disagreement about the dose that presents a hazard, partially because risk depends on multiple factors. It is clear x-radiation is capable of causing genetic damage that can lead to cancer and developmental problems. The highest risk is to a fetus or child. Seeing X-Rays While x-rays are outside the visible spectrum, its possible to see the glow of ionized air molecules around an intense x-ray beam. Its also possible to see x-rays if a strong source is viewed by a dark-adapted eye. The mechanism for this phenomenon remains unexplained (and the experiment is too dangerous to perform). Early researchers reported seeing a blue-gray glow that seemed to come from within the eye. Source Medical Radiation Exposure of the U.S. Population Greatly Increased Since the Early 1980s, Science Daily, March 5, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2017.